Publications — Fluids and Electrochemical Engineering Lab

Please check out this google scholar link for the most up-to-date list of publications.

†authors made equal contribution

*corresponding author(s)

Under Review:

46. Catalyst Detachment in Porous Transport Electrodes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers, D. Lad, Y. Ren, J. K. Lee, CH. Lee*, 2026

Published:

Featured

45. Stochastic Modeling of Transport in Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers: Roles of Carbon Size and Ionomer Distribution

A. Mohamed, S. Upreti*, CH. Lee*, Journal of Power Sources, Accepted

44. Template-Based Structured Electrodes for High Power and Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Y. Ren, L. Liu, D. K. Hwang*, CH. Lee*, SusMat, Accepted

43. Measurement and Analysis of Climatic and Vibrational Hazards in Cold Chain Double-Stacked Rail Transport: Effects of Mount and Stack Position

W. R. Synder, C. Ge, CH. Lee, J. Park*, Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies, 14, 79, 2026

42. Quantifying spatiotemporal heterogeneity in electrochemical devices via operando correlative neutron and X-ray tomography

P. Shrestha, J. M. LaManna, K. F. Fahy, CH. Lee, P. Kim, J. K. Lee, E. Baltic, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, A. Bazylak*, Advanced Functional Materials, e15427, 2025 (Inside Back Cover Feature)

41. Performance-Based Material Screening of Low-Temperature Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells using Artificial Neural Networks

A. Mohamed, S. Upreti*, CH. Lee*, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 13, 18202 (2025) (Special Issue - Artificial Intelligence Tools: A New Frontier for Sustainability)

40. Measurement and Analysis of Trailer Location Effects on Vibration in Cold Chain Long-Haul Trucking

W. R. Synder, C. Ge, CH. Lee, J. Park*, Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies, 13, 530, 2025

39. Mitigating Cation Contamination in PEMFC Ionomers: Mechanisms and Strategies

L. Liu, CH. Lee*, Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, 23, 020801, 2025 (Invited) (Special Issue - 2025 Emerging Investigators in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage for ASME JEECS) (Editor’s Pick)

38. Ionomer-free Electrodes in PEM Water Electrolyzers: a Critical Review

M. Chen†, Y. Ren†, CH. Lee*, J. K. Lee*, Journal of Physics: Energy, 7, 042004, 2025 (Invited)

37. Scalable Single-Atom Catalyst for High Performing and Durable Water Electrolyzers

L. Liu, CH. Lee*, Chem Catalysis, 5, 101440, 2025 (Invited) (non-peer-reviewed)

36. Sustainable PGM Recovery Processes for Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Applications

M. Khalili†, H. M. A. Harameen†, B. Choi, M. Bae, HJ. Lee, S.K. Kim, CH. Lee*, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 8, 8641, 2025 (Invited)

35. Elucidating Cation Transport Properties in Nafion Membranes and Electrode Ionomer Network via X-ray Fluorescence Imaging

A. P. C. Lee, F. Aziz, F. Karimian Bahnamiri, M. Korbas, V. F. Bondici, J. Jankovic, CH. Lee*, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 172, 064502, 2025

34. Microporous Layers for Next Generation Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

F. Karimian Bahnamiri, CH. Lee*, Chem Catalysis, 2024, 4, 101063, 2024 (Invited) (non-peer-reviewed)

33. Advanced Electrode Structures for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Current Status and Path Forward

G. Yang†, CH. Lee†, X. Qiao†, S. Komini Babu, U. Martinez, J. S. Spendelow*, Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 7, 9, 2024

32. Effect of Engineered Cracks in Catalyst Layers on PEMFC Catalyst Layer Durability

CH. Lee, S. Komini Babu, B. M. Patterson, K. S. Reeves, H. Yu, D. A. Cullen, R. Mukundan, R. L. Borup, J. S. Spendelow*, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 171, 014502, 2024

31. Simultaneous multi-material operando tomography of electrochemical devices

P. Shrestha, J. M. LaManna, K. F. Fahy, P. Kim, CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, E. Baltic, D. L. Jacobson, D. S. Hussey, A. Bazylak*, Science Advances, 9, eadg863, 2023

Featured

30. It's time for an update - A perspective on fuel cell electrodes

A. P. C. Lee, CH. Lee*, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 101, 6050, 2023 (Editor’s Choice) (Selected for Special Issue: Trending Topics in Chemical Engineering: 2022–2024)

29. Grooved electrodes for high-power-density fuel cells

CH. Lee, W. J. M. Kort-Kamp, H. Yu, D. A. Cullen, B. M. Patterson, S. Komini Babu, R. Mukundan, R. L. Borup, J. S. Spendelow*, Nature Energy, 8, 685, 2023

28. Defective Cu-Bi catalysts promote co-reduction of N2 and CO2 to urea

CH. Lee*, G. Yang*, Chem Catalysis, 2, P2831, 2022 (Invited) (non-peer-reviewed)

27. Building strong metal-support interactions into carbon-supported catalysts for fuel cells

G. Yang*, CH. Lee, Chem Catalysis, 2, P2135, 2022 (Invited) (non-peer-reviewed)

26. Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Cation Effects in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

CH. Lee, X. Wang, J. K. Peng, A. Katzenberg, R. Ahluwalia, A. Kusoglu, S. Komini Babu, J. S. Spendelow, R. Mukundan*, R. L. Borup*, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 14, 35555, 2022 (Cover Feature)

25. Electrolyte layer gas triggers cathode potential instability in CO2 electrolyzers

K. Krause, J. K. Lee, CH. Lee, H. W. Shafaque, P. J. Kim, K. F. Fahy, P. Shrestha, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. L. Jacobson, D. S. Hussey, A. Bazylak*, Journal of Power Sources, 520, 230879, 2022

24. Superhydrophilic porous transport layer enhances efficiency of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers

B. Zhao, CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, K. F. Fahy, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. L. Jacobson, D. S. Hussey, A. Bazylak*, Cell Reports Physical Science, 2, 100580, 2021

23. Temperature enhances the ohmic and mass transport behaviour in membrane electrode assembly carbon dioixide electrolyzers

H. W. Shafaque, J. K. Lee, K. Krause, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, P. Shrestha, M. Balakrishnan, A. Bazylak*, Energy Conversion and Management, 243, 114302, 2021

22. Gas Evolution Drives Unstable Cathode Potential in Alkaline Flow Cells for CO2 Electroreduction

K. Krause, CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, K. F. Fahy, H. Shafaque, P. J. Kim, A. Bazylak*, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9, 5570, 2021

21. Tailoring catalyst layer interface with titanium mesh porous transport layers

P. J. Kim, J. K. Lee, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, P. Shrestha, K. Krause, H. Shafaque, A. Bazylak*, Electrochimica Acta, 373, 137879, 2021

20. Degradation Characteristics of Electrospun Gas Diffusion Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

M. Balakrishnan, P. Shrestha, CH. Lee, N. Ge, K. F. Fahy, M. Messerschmidt, J. Scholta, L. Eifert, J. Maibach, R. Zeis, B. Hatton, A. Bazylak*, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 13, 2414, 2021

19. Boosting Membrane Hydration for High Current Densities in Membrane Electrode Assembly CO2 Electrolysis

H. W. Shafaque, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, J. K. Lee, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, A. Bazylak*, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 12, 54585, 2020

18. Spatially Graded Porous Transport Layers for Gas Evolving Electrochemical Energy Conversion: High Performance Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers

J. K. Lee, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, P. J. Kim, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. L. Jacobson, D. S. Hussey, S. Stiber, A. S. Gago, K. A. Friedrich, A. Bazylak*, Energy Conversion and Management, 226, 113545, 2020

17. Accelerating bubble detachment in porous transport layers with patterned through pores

J. K. Lee, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, P. J. Kim, K. Krause, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. L. Jacobson, D. S. Hussey, A. Bazylak*, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3, 9676, 2020

16. In-Plane Transport in Water Electrolyzer Porous Transport Layers with Through Pores

P. J. Kim, CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, K. F. Fahy, A. Bazylak*, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167, 124522, 2020

15. Critical Current Density as a Performance Indicator for Gas-Evolving Electrochemical Devices

J. K. Lee, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, B. Zhao, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. L. Jacobson, D. S. Hussey, A. Bazylak*, Cell Reports Physical Science, 1, 100147, 2020

14. Bubble Formation in the Electrolyte Triggers Voltage Instability in CO2 Electrolyzers

CH. Lee, B. Zhao, J. K. Lee, K. F. Fahy, K. Krause, A. Bazylak*, iScience (Invited) (Special Issue on Emerging Pathways to Electrochemical Synthesis), 5, 101094, 2020 (Editor’s Pick)

13. Reconciling temperature-dependent factors affecting mass transport losses in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers

CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, M. G. George, K. F. Fahy, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, A. Bazylak*, Energy Conversion and Management, 213, 112797, 2020

12. Formation of Liquid Water Pathways in PEM Fuel Cells: A 3-D Pore-Scale Perspective

P. Shrestha, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, M. Balakrishnan, N. Ge, A. Bazylak*, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167, 054516, 2020

11. Designing Tailored Gas Diffusion Layers with Pore Size Gradients via Electrospinning for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

M. Balakrishnan, P. Shrestha, N. Ge, CH. Lee, K. F. Fahy, R. Zeis, V. P. Schulz, B. D. Hatton, A. Bazylak*, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3, 2695, 2020

10. Transient Gas Distribution in Porous Transport Layers of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers

CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, B. Zhao, K. F. Fahy, A. Bazylak*, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167, 024508, 2020

9. Temperature-dependent gas accumulation in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer porous transport layers

CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, B. Zhao, K. F. Fahy, J. M. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, V. P. Schulz, A. Bazylak*, Journal of Power Sources, 446, 227312, 2020

8. Resolving the gas diffusion layer substrate land and channel regioncontributions to the oxygen transport resistance of a partially-saturated substrate

N. Ge, P. Shrestha, M. Balakrishnan, D. Ouellette, A. K. C. Wong, H. Liu, CH. Lee, J. K. Lee, A. Bazylak*, Electrochimica Acta, 328, 135001, 2019

7. Detecting cathode corrosion in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells in dead-ended anode mode via alternating current impedance

N. Ge, S. Chevalier, D. Muirhead, R. Banerjee, J. Lee, H. Liu, P. Shrestha, K. F. Fahy, CH. Lee, T. Aoki, Y. Tabuchi, A. Bazylak*, Journal of Power Sources, 439, 227089, 2019

6. Pore network modelling to enhance liquid water transport through porous transport layers for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers

J. K. Lee, CH. Lee, A. Bazylak*, Journal of Power Sources, 427, 226910, 2019

5. Compressible-Gas Invasion into Liquid-Saturated Porous Media: Applications to Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Electrolyzers

CH. Lee, B. Zhao, R. Abouatallah, R. Wang, A. Bazylak*, Physical Review Applied, 11, 054029, 2019

4. The effect of cathode nitrogen purging on cell performance and in operando neutron imaging of a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer

CH. Lee, R. Banerjee, N. Ge, J. K. Lee, B. Zhao, E. Baltic, J. M. LaManna, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, R. Abouatallah, R. Wang, A. Bazylak*, Electrochimica Acta, 279, 91, 2018

3. Modeling the effect of fibre surface morphology on liquid water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell gas diffusion layers

H, Liu, J. Hinebaugh, S. Chevalier, R. Banerjee, CH. Lee, A. Bazylak*, Transport in Porous Media, 121 (2), 437, 2018

2. Influence of limiting throat and flow regime on oxygen bubble saturation of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer porous transport layers

CH. Lee, J. Hinebaugh, R. Banerjee, S. Chevalier, R. Abouatallah, R. Wang, A. Bazylak*, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (5), 2724, 2017

1. Non-isothermal two-phase transport in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with crack-free microporous layers

N. Ge, S. Chevalier, J. Lee, R. Yip, R. Banerjee, M. G. George, H. Liu, CH. Lee, M. Fazeli, P. Antonacci, T. Kotaka, Y. Tabuchi, A. Bazylak*, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 107, 418, 2017